Apes & Ape Pictures and Ape Historical and modern terminology

Historical and modern terminology

"Ape", from Old English apa, is possibly an onomatopoetic imitation of animal chatter. The term has a history of rather imprecise usage. Its earliest meaning was a tailless (and therefore exceptionally human-like) nonhuman primate.^[7] The original usage of "ape" in English might have referred to the baboon, an Old World monkey.^{[citation needed]} Two tailless species of macaque have common names including "ape": the Barbary ape of North Africa (introduced into Gibraltar), Macaca sylvanus, and the Sulawesi black ape or Celebes crested macaque, M. nigra.
As zoological knowledge developed, it became clear that taillessness occurred in a number of different and otherwise unrelated species. The term "ape" was then used in two different senses, as shown in the 1910 Encyclopædia Britannica entry. Either "ape" was still used for a tailless humanlike primate or it became a synonym for "monkey".^[7]
Sir Wilfrid Le Gros Clark was one of the primatologists who developed the idea that there were "trends" in primate evolution and that the living members of the order could be arranged in a series, leading through "monkeys" and "apes" to humans. Within this tradition, "ape" refers to all the members of the superfamily Hominoidea, except humans.^[3] Thus "apes" are a paraphyletic group, meaning that although all the species of apes descend from a common ancestor, the group does not include all the descendants of that ancestor, because humans are excluded.^[9] The diagram below shows the currently accepted evolutionary relationships of the Hominoidea,^[2] with the apes marked by a bracket.

Hominoidea humans (genus Homo) chimpanzees (genus Pan) gorillas (genus Gorilla) orangutans (genus Pongo) gibbons (family Hylobatidae)

apes

The "apes" are traditionally divided further into the "lesser apes" and the "great apes":^[10]

Hominoidea humans (genus Homo) chimpanzees (genus Pan) gorillas (genus Gorilla) orangutans (genus Pongo) gibbons (family Hylobatidae)

great apes lesser apes

In summary, there are three common uses of the term "ape": non-biologists may not distinguish between "monkeys" and "apes", or may use "ape" for any tailless monkey or nonhuman hominoid, whereas biologists traditionally used the term "ape" for all non-human hominoids as shown above.
In recent years biologists have generally preferred to use only monophyletic groups in classifications,^{[citation needed]} that is only groups which include all the descendants of a common ancestor.^[11] The superfamily Hominoidea is one such group (or "clade"). Some then use the term "ape" to mean all the members of the superfamily Hominoidea. For example, in a 2005 book, Benton wrote "The apes, Hominoidea, today include the gibbons and orang-utan ... the gorilla and chimpanzee ... and humans".^[6] The group traditionally called "apes" by biologists is then called the "nonhuman apes".
See the section History of hominoid taxonomy below for a discussion of changes in scientific classification and terminology.

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Lophotrochozoa

About Of Lophotrochozoa

The Lophotrochozoa include two of the most successful animal phyla, the Mollusca and Annelida.^[77][78] The former, which is the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes animals such as snails, clams, and squids, and the latter comprises the segmented worms, such as earthworms and leeches. These two groups have long been considered close relatives because of the common presence of trochophore larvae, but the annelids were considered closer to the arthropods because they are both segmented.^[79] Now, this is generally considered convergent evolution, owing to many morphological and genetic differences between the two phyla.^[80]

The Lophotrochozoa also include the Nemertea or ribbon worms, the Sipuncula, and several phyla that have a ring of ciliated tentacles around the mouth, called a lophophore.^[81] These were traditionally grouped together as the lophophorates.^[82] but it now appears that the lophophorate group may be paraphyletic,^[83] with some closer to the nemerteans and some to the molluscs and annelids.^[84][85] They include the Brachiopoda or lamp shells, which are prominent in the fossil record, the Entoprocta, the Phoronida, and possibly the Bryozoa or moss animals.^[86]

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Squirrel & Squirrel Pictures and Squirrel Wallpapers

Behavior Of Squirrel Animal

Squirrels breed once or twice a year and give birth to a varying number of young after three to six weeks, depending on species. The young are born naked, toothless, and blind. In most species of squirrel, only the female looks after the young, which are weaned at around six to ten weeks of age and become sexually mature at the end of their first year. Ground-dwelling species are generally social animals, often living in well-developed colonies, but the tree-dwelling species are more solitary.^[5]

Ground and tree squirrels are typically diurnal or crepuscular,^[9] while flying squirrels tend to be nocturnal—except for lactating flying squirrels and their offspring, which have a period of diurnality during the summer.^[10]

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